ES2015(ES6)- Arrow functions

Introduction

ES6 introduced arrow functions. In arrow functions, we drop the function keyword.

Pre-ES6 functions declaration and function expression

// function declaration
function add(x , y) {
  return x + y // add and return value to calling function in one line
}
// somewhere else
const sum = add(2, 8)
console.log(sum) // prints 10

// function expression
const multiply = function (x, y) {
  return x * y
}

ES6 Arrow functions

In ES6 arrow functions:

1. we drop the function keyword
2. before after the params, we introduce “arrow” symbol => , equal symbol +
3. function signature takes this form (param1, param2) => { body}
4. we assign this to a const to make it usable elsewhere in our program. so a complete signature for arrow function becomes:

const arrowFn = (param1,param2) => { 
 // function body
}

Rewriting the above Pre-ES6 function becomes:

// function expression
const add = function (x, y) {
  return x + y
}

// in ES6 arrow functions, becomes:
const add = (x, y) => {
  return x + y
}

// usage
const sum = add(2, 8) // sum now holds value of 10
console.log(sum) // prints 10 to the console

Droping the parentheses and the return keyword altogether.

const add = (x, y) => x + y

Arrow functions and lexical this

In JavaScript this points to the window object of the browser(in the browser).

Checking this object from browser console:

From the above, this === window objects.

Checking the window object from browser console:

In JavaScript, this keyword points to the object in the current execution context. You’d rarely use this unless your code requires an explicit use of this

Say you have a function,

function multipy() {
  console.log(typeof this)
}
multiply() // prints object, when multiply is called, we this will point to the global this, window object in the browser environment

In an object literal:

const hero = {
  name: 'Sasuke',
  printDetails: function() {
    console.log(`hero details, name: ${this.name}`)
  },
  printThis: function() {
    console.log(this) // when called, this will point to hero object, logs hero object, try it out :)
  }
}
hero.printDetails() // prints hero details, name: Sasuke
hero.printThis() 

Arrow function lacks its “own” this. Using the arrow function in object literals causes this to point to the lexical this and not the enclosing object literal.

Observe:

const hero = {
  name: 'Sasuke',
  // change to arrow function
  printDetails: () => {
    console.log(`hero details, name: ${this.name}`) 
  },
  printThis: function() {
    console.log(this) // when called, this will point to hero object, logs the surrounding this, eg window object, try it out :)
  }
}
hero.printDetails() // prints hero details, name: undefined
hero.printThis() // logs refference to the  "surrounding object" 

Summary

Arrow functions introduce a cleaner syntax for writing function expressions. Arrow functions do not replace regular function declaration.

When to use Arrow functions:

1. In callbacks: items.map((item) => { // do something with item}) is a bit cleaner than items.map(function(item) { // do something with item})
2. Create functions that are not not hoisted. Function declarations(the pre-ES6 functions) get hoisted and can be called anywhere in the program.

Read more about 👉 for/of